Item #711 Production of High Speed Light Ions Without the Use of High Voltages WITH Hydrogen Isotope of Mass 2 and Its Concentration in Physical Review Volume 40 No. 1, April 1 1932, pp. 19-36 (Livingston); pp. 1-16 (Urey). Stanley Livingston, E. O. Lawrence, Brickwedde WITH Urey Harold C., F. G., G. M. Murphy.

Production of High Speed Light Ions Without the Use of High Voltages WITH Hydrogen Isotope of Mass 2 and Its Concentration in Physical Review Volume 40 No. 1, April 1 1932, pp. 19-36 (Livingston); pp. 1-16 (Urey)

Lancaster: American Physical Society, 1932. 1st Edition. FIRST EDITION IN ORIGINAL WRAPS OF THE FIRST EXTENSIVELY DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A CYCLOTRON, the first cyclical accelerator and the most powerful accelerator of its time. ALSO INCLUDED: FIRST EDITION IN ORIGINAL WRAPS OF UREY’S NOBLE PRIZE WINNING DISCOVERY OF WHAT WE NOW CALL DEUTERIUM -- HEAVY WATER.

Published six months after their 1931 announcement (one page) of their first successful cyclotron, Livingston and Lawrence here present their new, larger machine and for the first time, detail their work beyond the initial 1931 announcement. Lawrence was awarded the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work on the cyclotron, specifically, for "the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements" (Nobel Prize Portal).“ Also included is Urey’s discovery of deuterium. In the spring of 1929, Ernest Lawrence read about a new method for accelerating charged particles. Scrounging together shards of glass, metal, wires and wax, Lawrence and his graduate student Stanley Livingston built an ingenious device capable of pushing particles to higher energies by making them travel in circles. By definition, a cyclotron is that device: an apparatus in which charged atomic and subatomic particles are accelerated by an alternating electric field while following an outward spiral or circular path in a magnetic field. The cyclotron “used magnetic fields to hold charged particles in a narrow, spiraling path. When the particles crossed the gaps, an electric field would accelerate them ahead [and] on each round, the particles picked up speed. They were shot out at high energy and put to work” (Bancroft website).

In January 1931 Lawrence and Livingston met their first success and published their announcement in Physical Review. “A device about 4.5 inches in diameter used a potential of 1,800 volts to accelerate hydrogen ions up to energies of 80,000 keV. Lawrence immediately started planning for a bigger machine” (AIP website). In early 1932—and in this paper -- Livingston and Lawrence built the bigger machine they had planned, this one a 27-inch (69 cm) cyclotron. In this paper the authors the authors announced their acceleration of protons to more than 1 MeV and give an extensive account of both the accelerators they had constructed. “For several decades, cyclotrons were the best source of high-energy beams for nuclear physics experiments; several cyclotrons are still in use for this type of research. The results enable the calculation of various properties, such as the mean spacing between atoms and the creation of various collision products. Subsequent chemical and particle analysis of the target material may give insight into nuclear transmutation of the elements used in the target.

“Cyclotrons can be used in particle therapy to treat cancer. Ion beams from cyclotrons can be used, as in proton therapy, to penetrate the body and kill tumors by radiation damage, while minimizing damage to healthy tissue along their path. Cyclotron beams can be used to bombard other atoms to produce short-lived positron-emitting isotopes suitable for PET imaging. More recently cyclotrons currently installed at hospitals for particle therapy have been retrofitted to enable them to produce technetium-99m” (Wikipedia). ALSO included is a paper by Harold Urey. “Since 1913 scientists had accepted the existence of isotopes, but conventional wisdom claimed that isotopes of a given element could not be differentiated or separated by a chemical process. Urey challenged and overturned this thinking in 1932 by showing that deuterium could be concentrated in the form of deuterium oxide, or heavy water, and then converted back into pure deuterium by electrolysis of the D 2 O. Urey was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize for finding the heavy isotope of hydrogen (NIS, 45).

ALSO INCLUDED: UREY'S DISCOVERY OF HEAVY WATER. “In 1931, Urey studied hydrogen by spectroscopic methods and detected a substance that had the same chemical properties as hydrogen but exhibited a larger mass than hydrogen known at this time. Because the mass was about twice the mass of hydrogen, Urey named it deuterium. “Since 1913 scientists had accepted the existence of isotopes, but conventional wisdom claimed that isotopes of a given element could not be differentiated or separated by a chemical process. Urey challenged and overturned this thinking in 1932 by showing that deuterium (D 2 ) could be concentrated in the form of deuterium oxide, or heavy water (D 2 O), and then converted back into pure deuterium by electrolysis of the D 2 O. Deuterium and deuterium oxide are convenient sources of deuterium-labeled compounds that today are used routinely in medicine and science” (Chemistry Explained). In his memoirs, Brickwedde’s wrote that it was Urey “who proposed, planned, and directed the investigation. Appropriately, the Nobel Prize for finding the heavy isotope of hydrogen went to Urey” (Nat’l Institute of Standards, 45). Item #711

CONDITION & DETAILS: In original wraps. Lancaster: American Physical Society. 4to. 10 x 7 inches (250 x 175mm). Slight wear and fading at the edges of the front wrap and spine. Bright and clean throughout. Very good condition.

Price: $450.00